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“抛售美国”交易:谁是美元贬值的幕后推手?

Jim Edwards
2025-05-03

分析师和经济学家认为,只要白宫继续制造经济不确定性,全球投资者都会逃离美元。

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图片来源:Francis Chung—Politico/Bloomberg/Getty Images

• 今年以来,美元已下跌近9%。尽管股市下跌,但美国国债收益率却持续高企——这与投资者通常预期的情况相反。部分人士指责日本与中国抛售美债,认为此行为是美元贬值的诱因。也有人认为,对冲基金平仓债券杠杆头寸可能是罪魁祸首。但分析师和经济学家告诉《财富》杂志,只要白宫继续制造经济不确定性,全球投资者都会逃离美元。

在特朗普总统态度发生转变,称他无意解雇美联储主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔之后,美元汇率迎来回升。对于这一全球“储备货币”而言,这是一则难得的利好消息。今年以来,美元指数(DXY,美元相对于一篮子主要货币)已下跌了9%。

这就引出了一个问题:究竟是谁在抛售美元,抑或是谁在抛售那些致使美元贬值的资产,其背后的动因又是什么?

最初,日本和中国被视为可能的“幕后推手”。毕竟,两国出口市场因特朗普挑起的贸易战而受到冲击,而且它们分别是美国国债的第一和第二大外国持有国。或许,这些国家意在借此向特朗普释放信号:记住,我们同样具备反制之力。

然而,消息人士告诉《财富》杂志,并无充分证据表明中日两国在蓄意压低美元汇率。

此外,或许令人颇感意外的是,据这些消息人士透露,目前几乎没有证据显示,面临流动性困境的对冲基金突然被迫平仓美国债券杠杆头寸,进而引发了近期的抛售潮,最终导致美元汇率承压下行。

相反,责任在于他人

特朗普经济政策的摇摆不定给全球带来了极大的不确定性,以至于包括股票、债券和货币在内的各类资产投资者纷纷选择撤离美国市场,直至市场出现确定性信号。

牛津经济研究院(Oxford Economics)首席分析师约翰·卡纳文(John Canavan)表示,日本正大规模抛售其持有的各类外国债券,近期已抛售达200亿美元之多,“且并非仅局限于美国国债”。"由于美国国债在日本所持外国债券中占据相当大的比重,其动向通常被视为重要参考指标。”

不过,他表示:“目前尚不清楚中国和/或日本是否是近期美国国债市场抛售和波动的幕后推手。无论哪种情况,要找到确凿证据都并非易事。鉴于外国交易及美国国债持有状况的数据通常存在公布滞后的情况,它们或许在一定程度上对市场产生了影响,但初步分析显示,这些因素似乎并非导致市场动荡的主因。”

对冲基金不是幕后推手

卡纳文同样不认可对冲基金是美元下跌“幕后推手”的观点。

他向《财富》杂志透露:“最初推测大规模杠杆基差交易平仓是推动美元走低的关键因素,但这一猜测似乎并不成立。美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)过去两周发布的交易持仓报告数据显示,并未出现任何基差交易平仓的情况。”

他在高盛(Goldman Sachs)的同事们也在一定程度上认同这一观点。

在4月22日呈递给客户的一份研究报告中,分析师卡玛克夏·特里维迪(Kamakshya Trivedi)和多米尼克·威尔逊(Dominic Wilson)写道:“我们在市场‘足迹’或资金流向数据中,均未发现充分证据支持外国大规模抛售资产的论断,不过有更多证据表明,杠杆头寸的平仓操作(尤其是互换利差的大幅波动)或许对市场产生了一定影响。”

中国与日本实质上并无抛售美国债券的动机,毕竟此举不仅会削弱它们对稳定资产的需求,还将导致本国货币升值,进而对出口市场造成冲击。

Convera公司的外汇与宏观策略师凯文·福特(Kevin Ford)说:“以中国为例。”

“作为仅次于日本的美国第二大外国债权国,中国持有约7800亿美元的美国国债。虽然其市场动向备受关注,但大规模抛售的可能性微乎其微,因为资金回流会促使人民币升值,而当前中国正通过调控人民币汇率来缓冲关税带来的影响。”

他告诉《财富》杂志:“另一方面,对冲基金或许在其中起到了推波助澜的作用。随着债券抛售潮愈演愈烈,追加保证金的压力可能迫使基金抛售美国国债以回笼资金,尤其是那些采用债券基差交易策略的基金。”

所有人都想逃离美国

事实上,存在一个更为直白的解释:美元汇率持续走低,美国债券收益率居高不下,究其原因,全球投资者——事实上是整个国际社会——如今都急于抽身,逃离美国这个“是非之地”。

这涵盖了股票、债券与货币领域。鉴于特朗普的贸易政策朝令夕改,加之日复一日地对央行行长施压,各类投资者都在减少对美国的投资敞口。如今,他们不再将美国视作避险港湾,而是将其归入风险资产的行列。

这种对美国市场的回避态势,甚至开始在航运领域显现端倪。供应链平台Project44追踪的数据显示,受关税政策对贸易活动的制约,自2月以来,驶向美国的远洋货轮“空白航次”数量增加了一倍。所谓空白航次,即船运公司预先规划航线后,却最终选择完全取消该航线,或跳过其中部分港口。

该公司表示:“东海岸预计5月最后一周出现24个空白航次的峰值,较2月新关税政策实施以来增长100%;西海岸紧随其后,达到21个,增长了31%。”

尽管航运活动本身不会直接作用于美元汇率,但它却犹如一面镜子,清晰地反映出全球范围内减少与美国经贸往来的趋势。

韦德布什证券公司(Wedbush)科技市场分析师丹尼尔·艾夫斯(Daniel Ives)更是为此现象赋予特定称谓。在4月22日向客户发布的研究报告中,他称之为“抛售美国”交易。

他写道:“这场关税/贸易战正在动摇美国科技产业的根基,同时助力中国科技产业崛起。”

高盛认为,只要贸易战持续下去,美元贬值趋势便难以逆转。

高盛的特里维迪和威尔逊表示:“我们认为,市场对美元资产风险与回报的重新权衡尚存较大空间,预计美元将在未来一段时间内持续走弱。”(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

• 今年以来,美元已下跌近9%。尽管股市下跌,但美国国债收益率却持续高企——这与投资者通常预期的情况相反。部分人士指责日本与中国抛售美债,认为此行为是美元贬值的诱因。也有人认为,对冲基金平仓债券杠杆头寸可能是罪魁祸首。但分析师和经济学家告诉《财富》杂志,只要白宫继续制造经济不确定性,全球投资者都会逃离美元。

在特朗普总统态度发生转变,称他无意解雇美联储主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔之后,美元汇率迎来回升。对于这一全球“储备货币”而言,这是一则难得的利好消息。今年以来,美元指数(DXY,美元相对于一篮子主要货币)已下跌了9%。

这就引出了一个问题:究竟是谁在抛售美元,抑或是谁在抛售那些致使美元贬值的资产,其背后的动因又是什么?

最初,日本和中国被视为可能的“幕后推手”。毕竟,两国出口市场因特朗普挑起的贸易战而受到冲击,而且它们分别是美国国债的第一和第二大外国持有国。或许,这些国家意在借此向特朗普释放信号:记住,我们同样具备反制之力。

然而,消息人士告诉《财富》杂志,并无充分证据表明中日两国在蓄意压低美元汇率。

此外,或许令人颇感意外的是,据这些消息人士透露,目前几乎没有证据显示,面临流动性困境的对冲基金突然被迫平仓美国债券杠杆头寸,进而引发了近期的抛售潮,最终导致美元汇率承压下行。

相反,责任在于他人

特朗普经济政策的摇摆不定给全球带来了极大的不确定性,以至于包括股票、债券和货币在内的各类资产投资者纷纷选择撤离美国市场,直至市场出现确定性信号。

牛津经济研究院(Oxford Economics)首席分析师约翰·卡纳文(John Canavan)表示,日本正大规模抛售其持有的各类外国债券,近期已抛售达200亿美元之多,“且并非仅局限于美国国债”。"由于美国国债在日本所持外国债券中占据相当大的比重,其动向通常被视为重要参考指标。”

不过,他表示:“目前尚不清楚中国和/或日本是否是近期美国国债市场抛售和波动的幕后推手。无论哪种情况,要找到确凿证据都并非易事。鉴于外国交易及美国国债持有状况的数据通常存在公布滞后的情况,它们或许在一定程度上对市场产生了影响,但初步分析显示,这些因素似乎并非导致市场动荡的主因。”

对冲基金不是幕后推手

卡纳文同样不认可对冲基金是美元下跌“幕后推手”的观点。

他向《财富》杂志透露:“最初推测大规模杠杆基差交易平仓是推动美元走低的关键因素,但这一猜测似乎并不成立。美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)过去两周发布的交易持仓报告数据显示,并未出现任何基差交易平仓的情况。”

他在高盛(Goldman Sachs)的同事们也在一定程度上认同这一观点。

在4月22日呈递给客户的一份研究报告中,分析师卡玛克夏·特里维迪(Kamakshya Trivedi)和多米尼克·威尔逊(Dominic Wilson)写道:“我们在市场‘足迹’或资金流向数据中,均未发现充分证据支持外国大规模抛售资产的论断,不过有更多证据表明,杠杆头寸的平仓操作(尤其是互换利差的大幅波动)或许对市场产生了一定影响。”

中国与日本实质上并无抛售美国债券的动机,毕竟此举不仅会削弱它们对稳定资产的需求,还将导致本国货币升值,进而对出口市场造成冲击。

Convera公司的外汇与宏观策略师凯文·福特(Kevin Ford)说:“以中国为例。”

“作为仅次于日本的美国第二大外国债权国,中国持有约7800亿美元的美国国债。虽然其市场动向备受关注,但大规模抛售的可能性微乎其微,因为资金回流会促使人民币升值,而当前中国正通过调控人民币汇率来缓冲关税带来的影响。”

他告诉《财富》杂志:“另一方面,对冲基金或许在其中起到了推波助澜的作用。随着债券抛售潮愈演愈烈,追加保证金的压力可能迫使基金抛售美国国债以回笼资金,尤其是那些采用债券基差交易策略的基金。”

所有人都想逃离美国

事实上,存在一个更为直白的解释:美元汇率持续走低,美国债券收益率居高不下,究其原因,全球投资者——事实上是整个国际社会——如今都急于抽身,逃离美国这个“是非之地”。

这涵盖了股票、债券与货币领域。鉴于特朗普的贸易政策朝令夕改,加之日复一日地对央行行长施压,各类投资者都在减少对美国的投资敞口。如今,他们不再将美国视作避险港湾,而是将其归入风险资产的行列。

这种对美国市场的回避态势,甚至开始在航运领域显现端倪。供应链平台Project44追踪的数据显示,受关税政策对贸易活动的制约,自2月以来,驶向美国的远洋货轮“空白航次”数量增加了一倍。所谓空白航次,即船运公司预先规划航线后,却最终选择完全取消该航线,或跳过其中部分港口。

该公司表示:“东海岸预计5月最后一周出现24个空白航次的峰值,较2月新关税政策实施以来增长100%;西海岸紧随其后,达到21个,增长了31%。”

尽管航运活动本身不会直接作用于美元汇率,但它却犹如一面镜子,清晰地反映出全球范围内减少与美国经贸往来的趋势。

韦德布什证券公司(Wedbush)科技市场分析师丹尼尔·艾夫斯(Daniel Ives)更是为此现象赋予特定称谓。在4月22日向客户发布的研究报告中,他称之为“抛售美国”交易。

他写道:“这场关税/贸易战正在动摇美国科技产业的根基,同时助力中国科技产业崛起。”

高盛认为,只要贸易战持续下去,美元贬值趋势便难以逆转。

高盛的特里维迪和威尔逊表示:“我们认为,市场对美元资产风险与回报的重新权衡尚存较大空间,预计美元将在未来一段时间内持续走弱。”(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

• The U.S. dollar is down nearly 9%, year to date. Yields on Treasuries have stayed high even though the stock market has gone down—the opposite of what investors normally expect. Some are blaming Japan and China for selling U.S. bonds, which would hurt the dollar. Others believe hedge funds unwinding leveraged positions in bonds may be to blame. But analysts and economists tell Fortune that as long as the White House continues to generate economic uncertainty, everyone is going to flee the dollar.

The value of the U.S. dollar ticked up yesterday after President Trump did a U-turn and said he had no intention of firing Jerome Powell, chair of the Federal Reserve. It was a rare piece of good news for the world’s “reserve currency,” whose value has fallen 9% year-to-date against the DXY index of foreign currencies.

That raises a question: Who is selling the dollar—or selling assets that drive down the dollar—and why?

Initial suspicions targeted Japan and China. After all, they are both seeing their export markets hurt by Trump’s trade war, and they are the first and second largest foreign holders of U.S. Treasuries. Perhaps those countries were trying to send a message to Trump: Remember, we can hurt you too!

However, sources tell Fortune that there is little to no evidence that either country is deliberately tanking the dollar.

And, perhaps surprisingly, there isn’t a great deal of evidence that hedge funds with liquidity issues were suddenly forced to unwind levered bets on U.S. bonds, forcing the recent selloff that dragged the dollar down with it, these sources say.

Rather, the blame lies with everyone else

Trump’s chop-change economic pronouncements have generated so much global uncertainty that investors across all assets—stocks, bonds, and currency—are simply withdrawing from the U.S. until some kind of certainty reappears.

Japan is selling a lot of all its foreign bond holdings—it dumped $20 billion recently—“not just U.S. Treasuries,” according to Oxford Economics’ Lead Analyst John Canavan. “Because Treasuries make up such a large portion of Japanese foreign bond holdings, it is generally seen as a good proxy.”

But, he says, “it’s not clear China and/or Japan have been responsible for the extent of the recent Treasury market selloff and volatility. Evidence is difficult to come by either way. Data on foreign transactions and holdings of Treasury debt tend to be released with a lag, so they could have played a role, but it doesn’t appear at first blush that they were the primary factor.”

Not the hedge funds

Canavan is also not keen on the hedge fund theory.

“Early suspicions that an unwinding of large leveraged basis trades were a significant factor appear to have been incorrect. The Commitments of Traders data from the CFTC over the past two weeks offered no evidence of any basis trade unwinds,” he told Fortune.

His colleagues at Goldman Sachs agree, in part.

In a note to clients published April 22, analysts Kamakshya Trivedi and Dominic Wilson said: “We did not see much support either in the ‘footprint’ across markets or in the flow data for the theories of significant foreign selling, though there is more evidence that levered unwinds (particularly the sharp move in swap spreads) may have played a role.”

China and Japan actually have a vested interest in not selling U.S. bonds because that only hurts their need for stable assets and would make their currencies rise, which in turn would hurt their export markets.

“Take China, for instance,” says Kevin Ford, FX & macro strategist at Convera.

“As America’s second-largest foreign creditor after Japan, it holds around $780 billion in Treasury securities. While their market moves are closely watched, a massive sell-off seems unlikely, as it would strengthen the Yuan due to repatriation effects, and Beijing is currently leveraging its currency to counter tariff impacts.”

“Hedge funds, on the other hand, might have added fuel to the fire. As the bond sell-off gained momentum, margin calls could have forced funds to liquidate Treasuries to raise cash, especially those employing bond-basis trades,” he told Fortune.

Everyone wants to get the hell out of Dodge

In fact, there is a simpler explanation: The dollar is in decline and yields on U.S. bonds are staying high because everyone—literally everyone on the planet—wants to get the hell out of Dodge City right now.

That includes stocks, bonds, and currency. With Trump changing his mind by the hour on trade policy and bullying his chief central banker on a daily basis, investors of all kinds are simply limiting their exposure to a nation they now regard as a risk asset rather than a safe haven.

This aversion to the U.S. has even started showing up in shipping routes. With tariffs restricting trade, the number of “blank sailings” to the U.S. by ocean freighters has doubled since February, according to data tracked by Project44, a supply chain platform. Blank sailings occur when a shipping line schedules a route and then cancels it altogether or skips a port on that route.

“The East Coast is set to see a peak of 24 blank sailings in the last week of May, a 100% increase since new tariffs began in February, with the West Coast close behind at 21, or a 31% increase,” the company says.

While shipping doesn’t directly affect the dollar, it is—arguably—a visible symptom of a world withdrawing from doing business with the U.S.

Wedbush analyst Daniel Ives, who covers the tech market, even has a name for it. In a note to clients dated April 22, he called it the “Sell America Trade.”

“This tariff/trade war is cutting US tech at the knees and helping steamroll China tech ahead,” he wrote.

And as long as the trade war continues, expect the dollar to continue to decline, according to Goldman Sachs.

“We believe the re-think of the risk and reward of Dollar assets has room to run and expect the USD to extend its declines over time,” Goldman’s Trivedi and Wilson said.

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